MODELLING

Conceptual model
In the most general sense, a model is anything used in any way to represent anything else. Some models are physical objects, for instance, a toy model which may be assembled, and may even be made to work like the object it represents. However a conceptual model, may only be drawn on paper, described in words, or imagined in the mind. They are used to help us know and understand the subject matter they represent.
Contents [hide]
* 1 Type and scope of conceptual models
1.1 Metaphysical models
1.2 Epistemological models
1.3 Ethical models
1.4 Logical models
1.4.1 Mathematical models
1.4.2 Scientific models
1.5 Social and political models
1.5.1 Economic models
* 2 References
* 3 See also
Type and scope of conceptual models
Conceptual models range in type from the more concrete, such as the mental image of a familiar physical object, to the formal generality and abstractness of mathematical models which do not appear to the mind as an image. Conceptual models also range in terms of the scope of the subject matter that they are taken to represent. A model may, for instance, represent a single thing (e.g. the Statue of Liberty), whole classes of things (e.g. the electron), and even very vast domains of subject matter such as the physical universe. The variety and scope of conceptual models is due to the variety of purposes had by the people using them.
Metaphysical models
A metaphysical model is a type of conceptual model which is distinguished from other conceptual models by its proposed scope. A metaphysical model intends to represent reality in the broadest possible way. This is to say that it explains the answers to fundamental questions such as whether matter and mind are one or two substances; or whether or not humans have free will.
Epistemological models
An epistemological model is a type of conceptual model whose proposed scope is the known and the knowable.
Ethical models
Logical models
In logic, a model is a type of interpretation under which a particular statement is true. Logical models can be broadly divided into ones which only attempt to represent concepts, such as mathematical models; and ones which attempt to represent physical objects, and factual relationships, among which are scientific models.
Mathematical models
Mathematical models can take many forms, including but not limited to dynamical systems, statistical models, differential equations, or game theoretic models. These and other types of models can overlap, with a given model involving a variety of abstract structures.
Scientific models
A scientific model is a simplified abstract view of the complex reality. A scientific model represents empirical objects, phenomena, and physical processes in a logical way. Attempts to formalize the principles of the empirical sciences, use an interpretation to model reality, in the same way logicians axiomatize the principles of logic. The aim of these attempts is to construct a formal system for which reality is the only interpretation. The world is an interpretation (or model) of these sciences, only insofar as these sciences are true.
Social and political models
Economic models
In economics, a model is a theoretical construct that represents economic processes by a set of variables and a set of logical and/or quantitative relationships between them. The economic model is a simplified framework designed to illustrate complex processes, often but not always using mathematical techniques. Frequently, economic models use structural parameters. Structural parameters are underlying parameters in a model or class of models.[1] A model may have various parameters and those parameters may change to create various properties.

TRANSTV

Trans TV atau Televisi Transformasi Indonesia adalah sebuah stasiun televisi swasta Indonesia mulai secara terrestrial area di Jakarta, yang dimiliki oleh konglomerat Chairul Tanjung. Dengan motto "Milik Kita Bersama", konsep tayang stasiun ini tidak banyak berbeda dengan stasiun swasta lainnya. Trans TV adalah anak perusahaan PT Trans Corpora. Kantor Pusat stasiun ini berada di Studio TransTV, Jalan Kapten Pierre Tendean, Jakarta Selatan. Direktur Utama Trans TV saat ini adalah Wishnutama.
Sekilas Sejarah
Trans TV memperoleh ijin siaran didirikan pada tanggal 1 Agustus 1998 Trans TV mulai resmi disiarkan pada 10 November 20

01 meski baru terhitung siaran percobaan, Trans TV sudah membangun Stasiun Relai TV-nya di Jakarta dan Bandung. Siaran percobaan dimulai dari seorang presenter yang menyapa pemirsa pukul 19.00 WIB malam. Trans TV kemudian pertama mengudara mulai diluncurkan diresmikan Presiden Gus Dur sejak tanggal 15 Desember 2001 sejak sekitar pukul 19.00 WIB Malam, TRANS TV memulai siaran secara resmi.
Acara
* Reportase Pagi
* Reportase Siang
* Reportase Sore
* Reportase Malam
* Liga Inggris
* Insert Investigasi
* Reportase Minggu
* Reportase Investigasi
* Surat Sahabat
* Cerita Anak
* Maju Terus Pantang Mundur
* Halal?
* Jail
* Sketsa Ajaah..
* Jelang Siang
* Angel's Diary
* Jean Pantau
* Bioskop Indonesia
* Bioskop Trans TV
* Happy Family: Me VS Mom
* Penting Banget
* John Pantau
* Ceriwis Pagi Manis
* Extravaganza
* Fans
* Jelajah
* New Prime Time
* Wisata Kuliner
* Diary Wisata Kuliner
* Reaksi
* Jika Aku Menjadi . . .
* Termehek Mehek
* Bosan Jadi Pegawai
* First Love
* Orang Ketiga
* Realigi (Realita Religi)
* Kado Istimewa
* Tangan di Atas
* Akhirnya Datang Juga
* Mr. Bean
* Insert
* Insert Pagi
* Derings
* Ngulik
* Dorce Show
* Sentuhan Qalbu
* Kumpulan Perkara Korupsi (KPK)
* Ala Chef
* Griya Unik
* Sinema Dini Hari
* Missing Lyrics
* Sang Bintang
* Suami-suami Takut Istri
* Dunia Lain
* The Coffee Bean Show
* Gula-gula
* Sinema Indonesia Special
* Sisi Lain
* Men In Black
* Aaron Stone
* Hannah Montana
* 100% Senorita
* Flame Of Recca
* Ninku
* Tom & Jerry Kids
* Toonsylvania
Penyiar
# Adita Nanda
# Andromeda Amanda
# Choky Sitohang
# Daisy Weku
# Deddy Zebua
# Dewi Fatma
# Fransisca Rathy
# Kaze Pury
# Lisa Namuri Arif
# Nabil Basalamah
# Novieta Putri
# Rheini Abhinawa
# Ryan Wiedaryanto
# Shareefa Daanish
# Suci Lee
# Utrich Farzah
Daftar Direktur Utama
No Nama Awal Jabatan Akhir Jabatan
1 Ishadi S. K. 1998 2008
2 Wishnutama 2008 sekarang

CLAS MILD

Clas Mild merupakan sebuah merek rokok yang mulai beredar di pasaran sejak tahun 2003. Clas Mild diproduksi oleh PT NTI Indonesia, pertama-tama di pasarkan dalam kemasan isi 16 batang, tapi sekarang juga tersedia kemasan isi 12 batang.[1]

Seiring dengan semakin modernnya perkembangan zaman menyebabkan meningkatnya persaingan khususnya pada industri rokok. Untuk mempertahankan posisinya dalam pasar serta adanya peraturan pemerintah tentang rokok sehingga membuat perusahaan berusaha melakukan inovasi terhadap produknya. Dalam hal ini, PT Nojorono melakukan positioning pengembangan produk baru melalui produk rokok Clas Mild yang berbeda dari produk sebelumnya yang ditinjau dari kemasan, harga, dan rasa. Dari segi kemasan terdiri dari warna, logo, dan bentuk tulisan. Dari segi harga didasarkan pada harga rokok sebesar Rp. 6.500,00 dan berdasarkan daya beli konsumen, sedangkan rasa terdiri dari rasa manis, aroma asap, dan hisapan.

Insiden rokok Clas Mild meledak saat dihisap
Pada tanggal 28 Januari 2010 sekitar pukul 18.30 WIB, rokok Clas Mild yang dihisap oleh Andi Susanto di Cibitung, Bekasi meledak dan menyebabkan luka yang cukup parah di bagian bibir dan tanggalnya 7 buah gigi Andi Susanto (5 saat terjadinya kecelakaan dan 2 selama perawatan).[3]

Pihak Clas Mild telah menunjukkan itikad baik dengan memberi uang santunan Rp. 5 juta yang merupakan "uang muka" damai. Dengan demikian, masih ada kompensasi yang harus dibayarkan lagi, sementara sedikitnya Andi harus membayar ongkos Rp. 12 juta selama dirawat di rumah sakit, biaya tersebut belum termasuk ongkos untuk ganti gigi, kontrol ke dokter dan terapi kejiwaan.[

GUDANG GARAM

PT Gudang Garam Tbk. (IDX: GGRM) adalah sebuah perusahaan produsen rokok populer asal Indonesia. Didirikan pada 26 Juni 1958 oleh Surya Wonowidjojo, perusahaan ini merupakan pemimpin dalam produksi rokok kretek. Perusahaan ini memiliki kompleks tembakau sebesar 514 are di Kediri, Jawa Timur. Presiden Direktur perusahaan ini adalah Susilo Wonowidjojo.

SEJARAH

PT Gudang Garam didirikan pada 26 Juni 1958 oleh Tjoa Ing Hwie. Di saat berumur sekitar dua puluh tahun, Ing Hwie mendapat tawaran bekerja dari pamannya di pabrik rokok Cap 93 yang merupakan salah satu pabrik rokok terkenal di Jawa Timur pada waktu itu. Berkat kerja keras dan kerajinannya dia mendapatkan promosi dan akhirnya menduduki posisi direktur di perusahaan tersebut.

Pada tahun 1956 Ing Hwie meninggalkan Cap 93. Dia membeli tanah di Kediri dan memulai produksi rokok sendiri, diawali dengan rokok kretek dari kelobot dengan merek Inghwie. Setelah dua tahun berjalan Ing Hwie mengganti nama perusahaannya menjadi Pabrik Rokok Tjap Gudang Garam.

PRODUK
* Gudang Garam International
* Gudang Garam Surya 12
* Gudang Garam Surya 16
* Gudang garam Surya Slims
* Gudang Garam Surya Signature
* Gudang garam Nusantara
* Gudang Garam Nusantara Mild
* Gudang Garam Merah
* Gudang Garam Djaja
* Taman Sriwedari
* Sigaret Kretek Filter Klobot

modelling

Scientific modelling is the process of generating abstract, conceptual, graphical and/or mathematical models. Science offers a growing collection of methods, techniques and theory about all kinds of specialized scientific modelling. Also a way to read elements easily which have been broken down to the simplest form

Modelling is an essential and inseparable part of all scientific activity, and many scientific disciplines have their own ideas about specific types of modelling. There is little general theory about scientific modelling, offered by the philosophy of science, systems theory, and new fields like knowledge visualization.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Scientific modelling basics
1.1 Model
1.2 Modelling as a substitute for direct measurement and experimentation
1.3 Modelling language
1.4 Simulation
1.5 Structure
1.6 Systems
1.7 The process of generating a model
1.8 The process of evaluating a model
1.9 Visualization
* 2 Types of scientific modelling
2.1 Business process modelling
2.2 Other types
* 3 Applications
3.1 Modelling and Simulation
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 Further reading
* 7 External links

Model
A model is a simplified abstract view of the complex reality. A scientific model represents empirical objects, phenomena, and physical processes in a logical way. Attempts to formalize the principles of the empirical sciences, use an interpretation to model reality, in the same way logicians axiomatize the principles of logic. The aim of these attempts is to construct a formal system for which reality is the only interpretation. The world is an interpretation (or model) of these sciences, only insofar as these sciences are true.[1]

For the scientist, a model is also a way in which the human thought processes can be amplified.[2] Models that are rendered in software allow scientists to leverage computational power to simulate, visualize, manipulate and gain intuition about the entity, phenomenon or process being represented.

Modelling as a substitute for direct measurement and experimentation
Models are typically used when it is either impossible or impractical to create experimental conditions in which scientists can directly measure outcomes. Direct measurement of outcomes under controlled conditions (see Controlled Experiment, Scientific Method) will always be more accurate than modeled estimates of outcomes. When predicting outcomes, models use assumptions, while measurements do not. As the number of assumptions in a model increases, the accuracy and relevance of the model diminishes.

Modelling language
A modelling language is any artificial language that can be used to express information or knowledge or systems in a structure that is defined by a consistent set of rules. The rules are used for interpretation of the meaning of components in the structure. Examples of modelling languages are the Unified Modeling Language (UML) for software systems, IDEF for processes and the VRML for 3-D computer graphics models designed particularly with the World Wide Web in mind.

Simulation
A simulation is the implementation of a model over time. A simulation brings a model to life and shows how a particular object or phenomenon will behave. It is useful for testing, analysis or training where real-world systems or concepts can be represented by a model.[3]

Structure
Structure is a fundamental and sometimes intangible notion covering the recognition, observation, nature, and stability of patterns and relationships of entities. From a child's verbal description of a snowflake, to the detailed scientific analysis of the properties of magnetic fields, the concept of structure is an essential foundation of nearly every mode of inquiry and discovery in science, philosophy, and art.

Systems
A system is a set of interacting or interdependent entities, real or abstract, forming an integrated whole. The concept of an 'integrated whole' can also be stated in terms of a system embodying a set of relationships which are differentiated from relationships of the set to other elements, and from relationships between an element of the set and elements not a part of the relational regime.

The process of generating a model
Modelling refers to the process of generating a model as a conceptual representation of some phenomenon. Typically a model will refer only to some aspects of the phenomenon in question, and two models of the same phenomenon may be essentially different, that is in which the difference is more than just a simple renaming. This may be due to differing requirements of the model's end users or to conceptual or aesthetic differences by the modellers and decisions made during the modelling process. Aesthetic considerations that may influence the structure of a model might be the modeller's preference for a reduced ontology, preferences regarding probabilistic models vis-a-vis deterministic ones, discrete vs continuous time etc. For this reason users of a model need to understand the model's original purpose and the assumptions of its validity[citation needed].

The process of evaluating a model
A model is evaluated first and foremost by its consistency to empirical data; any model inconsistent with reproducible observations must be modified or rejected. However, a fit to empirical data alone is not sufficient for a model to be accepted as valid. Other factors important in evaluating a model include:[citation needed]

* Ability to explain past observations
* Ability to predict future observations
* Cost of use, especially in combination with other models
* Refutability, enabling estimation of the degree of confidence in the model
* Simplicity, or even aesthetic appeal

People may attempt to quantify the evaluation of a model using a utility function.

Visualization
Visualization is any technique for creating images, diagrams, or animations to communicate a message. Visualization through visual imagery has been an effective way to communicate both abstract and concrete ideas since the dawn of man. Examples from history include cave paintings, Egyptian hieroglyphs, Greek geometry, and Leonardo da Vinci's revolutionary methods of technical drawing for engineering and scientific purposes.

Types of scientific modelling
Business process modelling
Abstraction for Business process modelling [5]

In business process modelling the enterprise process model is often referred to as the business process model. Process models are core concepts in the discipline of process engineering. Process models are:

* Processes of the same nature that are classified together into a model.
* A description of a process at the type level.
* Since the process model is at the type level, a process is an instantiation of it.

The same process model is used repeatedly for the development of many applications and thus, has many instantiations.

One possible use of a process model is to prescribe how things must/should/could be done in contrast to the process itself which is really what happens. A process model is roughly an anticipation of what the process will look like. What the process shall be will be determined during actual system development.[6]

Other types

* Analogical modelling
* Assembly modelling
* Catastrophe modelling
* Choice Modelling
* Climate model
* Continuous modelling
* Data modelling
* Document modelling
* Discrete modelling
* Economic model
* Ecosystem model



* Empirical modelling
* Enterprise modelling
* Futures studies
* Geologic modelling
* Goal Modelling
* Homology modelling
* Hydrogeology
* Hydrography
* Hydrologic modelling
* Informative Modelling
* Mathematical modelling



* Metabolic network modelling
* Modelling in Epidemiology
* Molecular modelling
* Modelling biological systems
* Multiscale modeling
* NLP modelling
* Predictive modelling
* Simulation
* Software modelling
* Solid modelling
* Statistics
* Stochastic modelling
* System dynamics

OPERA

Opera adalah sebuah bentuk seni, dari pentasan panggung dramatis sampai pentasan musik.

Dalam mementaskan sandiwara, opera memakai elemen khas teater seperti pemandangan, pakaian, dan akting namun kata-kata dalam opera, atau kata-kata nyanyian, dinyanyikan daripada dituturkan. Penyanyi ditemani oleh ansambel musik yang, dari ansambel menolong yang kecil hingga orkes simfoni penuh.

Opera tradisional terdiri atas dua mode nyanyian: resitatif, deklamasi, dan nyanyian, yang menunjuk kepada bagian tunggal yang dinyanyikan. Bagian yang dinyanyikan yang pendek juga diserahkan ke sebagai ariosos. Masing-masing macam nyanyian ditemani di samping alat musik. Penyanyi dan peran mereka bermain disusan menurut golongan menurut besarnya suara mereka. Penyanyi pria digolongkan sebagai bas, bas-penyanyi bariton, penyanyi bariton, tujuan dan alto.

Penyanyi wanita disusan menurut golongan, sebagai penyanyi contralto, mezzo-penyanyi sopran dan penyanyi sopran.

Masing-masing klasifikasi ini mempunyai sub-bagian, atau fachs, seperti liris penyanyi sopran, coloratura, spinto, dan dramatis penyanyi sopran yang menghubungkan suara penyanyi dengan tugas paling cocok untuk warna nada suara dan kualitas.

Opera terilhalmi dari banyak bentuk seni lain. Entah opera ini adalah bentuk musik tertinggi sudah merupakan subyek perdebatan sejak abad ke-17.

Seni visual, seperti melukis, dilaksanakan untuk membuat tontonan visual di panggung, yang dianggap sebagai sebagian penting pentasan panggung.


Akhirnya, menari adalah sering dianggap bagian pentasan opera. Oleh karena ini, terkenal opera penggubah Richard Wagner menunjuk kepada gaya sebagai Gesamtkunstwerk, atau karya seni satu padu.

TEATER

Teater (bahasa Inggris: theater atau theatre, bahasa Perancis théâtre berasal dari kata theatron (θέατρον) dari bahasa Yunani, yang berarti "tempat untuk menonton") adalah cabang dari seni pertunjukan yang berkaitan dengan akting/seni peran di depan penonton dengan menggunakan gabungan dari ucapan, gestur (gerak tubuh), mimik, boneka, musik, tari dan lain-lain. Bernard Beckerman, kepala departemen drama di Univesitas Hofstra, New York, dalam bukunya, Dynamics of Drama, mendefinisikan teater sebagai " yang terjadi ketika seorang manusia atau lebih, terisolasi dalam suatu waktu/atau ruang, menghadirkan diri mereka pada orang lain." Teater bisa juga berbentuk: opera, ballet, mime, kabuki, pertunjukan boneka, tari India klasik, Kunqu, mummers play, improvisasi performance serta pantomim.